Hybrid Cars

A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more separate power sources to propel the vehicle. Common sources of energy are:

• on board or outside the system board rechargeable energy storage (RESS) and a hybrid vehicle powered powa is a vehicle that uses two or more separate power sources to propel the vehicle. Common sources of energy are:
• On the board or the system of rechargeable energy storage (RESS) and a fueled power source (internal combustion engine or fuel cell)
• Air engine and internal combustion engines
• Human powered bicycle with electric motor or auxiliary gas
• human-powered or sail boat with electric power
The term most often refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), which includes internal combustion engines and electric motors.
The first systems are being considered for hybrid trucks and other road vehicles with a few trucks and buses to enter initial operational use. The main obstacle seems to be smaller fleet and the additional costs of a hybrid system is not yet paid for the fuel, but oil prices set to persist in its upward trend, the tipping point may reach end of 2008. Technological advances and lower cost and increased battery capacity, etc. urbanized hybrid car industry are already filtering service trucks from Toyota, Ford, GM and other hybrid pickup truck and SUV starts. Kenworth has recently introduced a hybrid-electric truck, called the Kenworth T270 Class 6 for the use of the city seem to be competitive. FedEx and others are in preparation for delivery to invest in hybrid vehicles "all for urban use where hybrid technology can pay first. The U.S. military Humvees and other vehicles inspected hybrids.
When the hybrid vehicle uses the term usually refers to a hybrid electric vehicle. These cover vehicles such as AHS2 (Chevrolet Tahoe, GMC Yukon, Chevrolet, Cadillac and Saturn Vue), Toyota Prius, Toyota Camry Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, the Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid and others. A hybrid electric oil normally use internal combustion engines and electric batteries for electric motor control. There are many types of oil and electricity transmission hybrid, full hybrid mild hybrid, which offer different advantages and disadvantages.
As the liquid fuel hybrid / electric at the end of 1800, the hybrid regenerative braking was invented by David Arthurs, an electrical engineer from Springdale, Arkansas, 1978-1979. His home-converted Opel GT was reported to get as much as 75MPG and plans are still selling this new design, and "Mother Earth News" a customized version of its website.
Hybrid fuel (dual mode)
In addition, vehicles that use two or more different devices for propulsion, some also consider vehicles that use energy sources or discrete input types ("fuels") using the same engine as the hybrids, although that to avoid confusion with hybrids as described above and used as approved the terms, they are perhaps more correctly described as dual mode vehicles:
• A few electric trolleybuses can switch between diesel engines on board and
High voltage based on the circumstances (see dual mode bus). In principle, this could be combined with a battery subsystem to create a plug-in hybrid trolleybus true, although in 2006, no design, seems to have been announced.
• Flexible fuel vehicles may be able to use a variety of fuels in the (oil and biofuels) in a reservoir of "characteristics of gasoline and bioethanol or biobutanol, but diesel-biodiesel vehicles also meet the criteria .
• Dual Mode: liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas are various oil or diesel and can not be used in tanks identical, so it would be impossible to build a system (LPG or NG) flexible fuel. As the vehicles are built with two alternative power systems in parallel with a fuel. While the space to reproduce the cost of the tanks in some applications, the range and flexibility in (LPG or natural gas) infrastructure is incomplete may be a significant incentive to purchase.
• Few vehicles have been modified to use another fuel source, if available, such as custom car to run on gas (LPG) and diesel to power as used vegetable oil that has been converted into biodiesel.
• Help feed the mechanisms for bicycles and other human-powered vehicles are also included.
Hydraulic hybrid
Hybrid vehicles use hydraulic and pneumatic engine to charge a pressure accumulator to drive the wheels via hydraulic or pneumatic (ie compressed air) drives. The recovery rate is high energy and therefore the system is more efficient than battery charged hybrids, demonstrating an increase of 60% to 70% energy savings in tests of the EPA. Under the EPA tests, the hydraulic hybrid Ford Expedition returned 32 mpg-US (7.35 L/100 km / 38.4 mpg-imp) city and 22 mpg U.S. (10.69 L / 100 km / 26.4 mpg-imp) highway
The latest hybrid technology is the Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). The PHEV is included a gasoline-electric hybrid whose battery pack (usually Li-ion) is upgraded to higher capacity, which can be recharged on the other hand a battery charger to the mains supply curve or the engine gasoline (only if necessary). The car runs on battery for the first 10-60 miles (16-100 km), with the gasoline engine on hand for quicker acceleration, etc.
When the battery is low, the car returns to the gasoline engine to recharge the battery and / or return of the car to the docking station. This can get around the fundamental barrier of battery life that made nearly all pure electric cars practical. Rate of fuel, in principle, can be as low as 5 cents / mile. It is not yet clear whether the conversion of the existing hybrid car will never pay for itself in fuel savings.
The main problem is to find a good, cheap, high-energy battery, "the equivalent problem that hit the electric car is not contaminated. If everyone connected to the network function to load your car, appears to be only the movement gasoline / diesel combustion coal plants crisis relates to eat. However, if the cars are recharged late at night that would allow power system charging base to be more capable with a load of base even more power and can also be generated by clean wind, hydro, tidal, etc., while the majority of travel is about 30 miles / day, this may be the system as clean transport staff currently available.
This is a conversion "cottage" industry to the current owners, hybrids, and more than a few large groups in the automotive industry (GM, Toyota, Mercedes, etc.) and the Department of Energy U. S. investigation of this system. No car company manager (late 2007) offers PHEVs yet. The characteristic of the "house" of the automotive industry is the conversion of Toyota Prius (cost of conversion $ 5k-$ 40k) because it is a full hybrid with enough power to your electrical system to maintain speed distinctive city.
Fuel consumption and emission reduction
The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than vehicles with conventional internal combustion engine (ICEVI), which has at least generated emissions. These savings are primarily achieved by four elements of a typical hybrid design:
- The recovery of energy normally lost during braking etc. (braking) is a mechanism that condenses the vehicle speed by converting some of its kinetic energy in a more useful form of energy, especially in the cases and-go traffic.
- With a large storage capacity of batteries to store energy recovered and recycled;
- Turn off the gas or diesel engine in traffic stops, while periods of inactivity or coastal or otherwise;
- Aerodynamics of civilization, a box shaped car or truck needs to invest more force to move in the air that cause additional stress on the engine so that it is hard work. Improve the shape and aerodynamics of a car is a good way to help improve gas mileage and also get better treatment at the same time.
- Use of tire rolling resistance low (tires these days are made to give a fine round, smooth, but the effectiveness is rarely in mind these tires cause a lot of drag, once again, making the engine to work harder, the fuel more intense .. hybrid cars use special tires that are more inflated than regular tires and stiff, which reduces the resistance by half, the humanization of fuel economy the stress relief engine.
- The essence of mutual trust (or diesel) and electric motors requires a maximum power remained in a small gasoline or diesel standard size for a normal and maximum power consumption.
These features make a hybrid vehicle particularly efficient for city traffic, where the cases are recurrent, inertia and idle periods. In addition noise emissions are condensed, mainly to slow speeds and low operating, similar to conventional gasoline or diesel vehicles. For the highway at high speed constant use of these features are much less useful in reducing the emissions.er source (internal combustion engine or fuel cell)
• Air engine and internal combustion engines
• Human powered bicycle with electric motor or auxiliary gas
• human-powered or sail boat with electric power
The term most often refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), which includes internal combustion engines and electric motors.
The first systems are being considered for hybrid trucks and other road vehicles with a few trucks and buses to enter initial operational use. The main obstacle seems to be smaller fleet and the additional costs of a hybrid system is not yet paid for the fuel, but oil prices set to persist in its upward trend, the tipping point may reach end of 2008. Technological advances and lower cost and increased battery capacity, etc. urbanized hybrid car industry are already filtering service trucks from Toyota, Ford, GM and other hybrid pickup truck and SUV starts. Kenworth has recently introduced a hybrid-electric truck, called the Kenworth T270 Class 6 for the use of the city seem to be competitive. FedEx and others are in preparation for delivery to invest in hybrid vehicles "all for urban use where hybrid technology can pay first. The U.S. military Humvees and other vehicles inspected hybrids.
When the hybrid vehicle uses the term usually refers to a hybrid electric vehicle. These cover vehicles such as AHS2 (Chevrolet Tahoe, GMC Yukon, Chevrolet, Cadillac and Saturn Vue), Toyota Prius, Toyota Camry Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, the Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid and others. A hybrid electric oil normally use internal combustion engines and electric batteries for electric motor control. There are many types of oil and electricity transmission hybrid, full hybrid mild hybrid, which offer different advantages and disadvantages.
As the liquid fuel hybrid / electric at the end of 1800, the hybrid regenerative braking was invented by David Arthurs, an electrical engineer from Springdale, Arkansas, 1978-1979. His home-converted Opel GT was reported to get as much as 75MPG and plans are still selling this new design, and "Mother Earth News" a customized version of its website.
Hybrid fuel (dual mode)
In addition, vehicles that use two or more different devices for propulsion, some also consider vehicles that use energy sources or discrete input types ("fuels") using the same engine as the hybrids, although that to avoid confusion with hybrids as described above and used as approved the terms, they are perhaps more correctly described as dual mode vehicles:
• A few electric trolleybuses can switch between diesel engines on board and
High voltage based on the circumstances (see dual mode bus). In principle, this could be combined with a battery subsystem to create a plug-in hybrid trolleybus true, although in 2006, no design, seems to have been announced.
• Flexible fuel vehicles may be able to use a variety of fuels in the (oil and biofuels) in a reservoir of "characteristics of gasoline and bioethanol or biobutanol, but diesel-biodiesel vehicles also meet the criteria .
• Dual Mode: liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas are various oil or diesel and can not be used in tanks identical, so it would be impossible to build a system (LPG or NG) flexible fuel. As the vehicles are built with two alternative power systems in parallel with a fuel. While the space to reproduce the cost of the tanks in some applications, the range and flexibility in (LPG or natural gas) infrastructure is incomplete may be a significant incentive to purchase.
• Few vehicles have been modified to use another fuel source, if available, such as custom car to run on gas (LPG) and diesel to power as used vegetable oil that has been converted into biodiesel.
• Help feed the mechanisms for bicycles and other human-powered vehicles are also included.
Hydraulic hybrid
Hybrid vehicles use hydraulic and pneumatic engine to charge a pressure accumulator to drive the wheels via hydraulic or pneumatic (ie compressed air) drives. The recovery rate is high energy and therefore the system is more efficient than battery charged hybrids, demonstrating an increase of 60% to 70% energy savings in tests of the EPA. Under the EPA tests, the hydraulic hybrid Ford Expedition returned 32 mpg-US (7.35 L/100 km / 38.4 mpg-imp) city and 22 mpg U.S. (10.69 L / 100 km / 26.4 mpg-imp) highway
The latest hybrid technology is the Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). The PHEV is included a gasoline-electric hybrid whose battery pack (usually Li-ion) is upgraded to higher capacity, which can be recharged on the other hand a battery charger to the mains supply curve or the engine gasoline (only if necessary). The car runs on battery for the first 10-60 miles (16-100 km), with the gasoline engine on hand for quicker acceleration, etc.
When the battery is low, the car returns to the gasoline engine to recharge the battery and / or return of the car to the docking station. This can get around the fundamental barrier of battery life that made nearly all pure electric cars practical. Rate of fuel, in principle, can be as low as 5 cents / mile. It is not yet clear whether the conversion of the existing hybrid car will never pay for itself in fuel savings.
The main problem is to find a good, cheap, high-energy battery, "the equivalent problem that hit the electric car is not contaminated. If everyone connected to the network function to load your car, appears to be only the movement gasoline / diesel combustion coal plants crisis relates to eat. However, if the cars are recharged late at night that would allow power system charging base to be more capable with a load of base even more power and can also be generated by clean wind, hydro, tidal, etc., while the majority of travel is about 30 miles / day, this may be the system as clean transport staff currently available.
This is a conversion "cottage" industry to the current owners, hybrids, and more than a few large groups in the automotive industry (GM, Toyota, Mercedes, etc.) and the Department of Energy U. S. investigation of this system. No car company manager (late 2007) offers PHEVs yet. The characteristic of the "house" of the automotive industry is the conversion of Toyota Prius (cost of conversion $ 5k-$ 40k) because it is a full hybrid with enough power to your electrical system to maintain speed distinctive city.
Fuel consumption and emission reduction
The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than vehicles with conventional internal combustion engine (ICEVI), which has at least generated emissions. These savings are primarily achieved by four elements of a typical hybrid design:
- The recovery of energy normally lost during braking etc. (braking) is a mechanism that condenses the vehicle speed by converting some of its kinetic energy in a more useful form of energy, especially in the cases and-go traffic.
- With a large storage capacity of batteries to store energy recovered and recycled;
- Turn off the gas or diesel engine in traffic stops, while periods of inactivity or coastal or otherwise;
- Aerodynamics of civilization, a box shaped car or truck needs to invest more force to move in the air that cause additional stress on the engine so that it is hard work. Improve the shape and aerodynamics of a car is a good way to help improve gas mileage and also get better treatment at the same time.
- Use of tire rolling resistance low (tires these days are made to give a fine round, smooth, but the effectiveness is rarely in mind these tires cause a lot of drag, once again, making the engine to work harder, the fuel more intense .. hybrid cars use special tires that are more inflated than regular tires and stiff, which reduces the resistance by half, the humanization of fuel economy the stress relief engine.
- The essence of mutual trust (or diesel) and electric motors requires a maximum power remained in a small gasoline or diesel standard size for a normal and maximum power consumption.
These features make a hybrid vehicle particularly efficient for city traffic, where the cases are recurrent, inertia and idle periods. In addition noise emissions are condensed, mainly to slow speeds and low operating, similar to conventional gasoline or diesel vehicles. For high-speed constant use of the road with these characteristics are much less useful to reduce emissions.

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